What do you do when you face an important but complicated decision? Do you turn to experts? Dig for data? Ask trusted friends and colleagues? Go with your gut?

The truth is many of us approach decision-making from the same perspective over and over. We use the same tools and habits every time, even if the decisions are vastly different. But following the same strategy for every problem limits your abilities. To make better decisions, you need to break out of these patterns and see things differently, even if it is uncomfortable.

First, you need to understand your own decision-making strengths and your blind spots: What is the psychology of your decision-making? What is your typical approach? What mental mistakes or cognitive biases tend to get in your way? Looking inward to what you value can illuminate why you make decisions the way you do — and how you might be shortchanging yourself with your approach. From there, you can disrupt your traditional processes.

The Problem Solver Profiles

Through my research and work in decision making, I have identified five different decision-making archetypes, which I call Problem Solver Profiles (PSPs). As I describe in my book Problem Solver: Maximizing Your Strengths to Make Better Decisions, these PSPs are personal approaches to decision making that are built from our individual strengths and weaknesses. Each have their own specific cognitive biases that reveal habits and patterns of behavior that drive our choices. They aren’t proscriptive; once we gain awareness of what we tend to do, we can take steps to become more dynamic, flexible decision makers.

Below are brief descriptions of the five PSPs. Read through them to see if you recognize your own habits in one of these profiles. (You can also take the full PSP assessment at app.areamethod.com.)

Which of these profiles do you identify with? Most of us can be more than one type of problem solver, although we almost always have one dominant approach that we lean on. Once you’ve identified the style or styles that best represents your approach, you can then learn how to better work within and outside of it.

Cognitive Biases and PSPs 

There’s no question that each of these archetypes comes with great strengths — but strengths and weaknesses are two sides of the same coin. Each PSP is also associated with a set of cognitive biases that can impede effective decision making. Fortunately, you can avoid these pitfalls. Here’s how.

Adventurer

Your optimism bias makes you feel unstoppable, which can lead you into danger. Because you like to move quickly, and are optimistic about most everything, you don’t always have an accurate sense of how long something really takes. This can lead to a planning bias, where you run the risk of falling behind schedule and not accomplishing everything you want to.

To avoid this, pay attention to your first inclination. What is your gut suggesting you do? Then consider how that’s worked out in the past for this particular type of decision. Your adventurer spirit might be great for some decisions but not for others. Working with the other stakeholders involved in your decision will help as well. But be careful: Are you running roughshod over them? Do you understand their goals and objectives — and are you taking those into account? Make sure to listen to them without judgment and note any concerns that something can’t be done on time.

Detective

Your frame blindness can mean that you miss the bigger picture, leading to situations where you solve for the wrong problem (or only part of one). More information does not always make for a better decision; it may just put you further in the weeds. Detectives can also fall prey to confirmation bias, cherry-picking through reams of data to support a favored hypothesis. More information is not always unbiased information, especially if you’re only collecting it to prove that you’re right, and published research (which detectives favor) is not the only type of information out there.

Instead, recognize that other voices are valuable. All information doesn’t come as data — some comes from people. Go beyond the data to speak to knowledgeable sources. Lean on coworkers to help you see the forest and the trees. Use their knowledge and expertise to put the data you have into perspective.

Listener

Being a listener means that you may rely too heavily on other people to make decisions for you, whether they are family, friends, or coworkers. You can fall victim to authority bias, being swayed by the opinions of people in positions of power. You’re loyal to those you trust, sometimes making decisions based on what — or whom — you like, which is called liking bias. While others may be well intended in their advice, they may not be aligned with your inner voice, especially if you have not listened to it yourself.

Recognize that your inner voice is valuable: Before getting input from others, sit with yourself and identify what is important to you in the outcome of your decision. Only after you do this should you reach out to others for their thoughts and perspectives. And remember, just because listeners naturally include others doesn’t necessarily mean that those people will have divergent viewpoints. When discussing a problem with others, listen not only for opinions, but for differences of opinion. If your go-to group doesn’t provide that perspective, look for others who could play devil’s advocate.

Thinker

Because you are so cautious, you may fall prey to loss aversion, avoiding failure by picking a safe option rather than the best one. And because you like to compare and weigh options, relativity bias may keep you from seeing things as they actually are. Instead, you may be inclined to compare the situation to something else, which may frame a problem too narrowly.

Recognize when you are stuck in your own head. Your time is valuable. Set a decision-making deadline before you begin your process to limit how long — and how often — you can ruminate. Whether working alone or with a team, thinkers benefit from creating a vision of success first to identify success metrics and invert the problem. By working backward and focusing on the solution, you will have an easier time staying on track and working with others.

Visionary

With your propensity for being drawn to exciting ideas, you may experience saliency bias, getting attached to the most prominent solution or boldest idea, even if it isn’t ultimately the best option. You also overvalue originality because it’s rare, a form of scarcity bias that devalues what is common or plentiful, which can lead you to invest in being different rather than making the smartest choice.

Recognize the value of the ordinary: By communicating your (precious) vision to others clearly and then collecting data to test it out, you’ll have a better sense of which inspirational ideas to pursue and which ones to shelve — for now. Actively solicit feedback from your colleagues, asking others not only what they’ve heard, but also what they’ve understood. Is the idea feasible? Are there gaps that need to be closed for everyone to be aligned? Do team members know where their responsibility lies? Their answers will help you to hone your thinking.

Decision Dynamism

There is no “perfect” PSP. While some decisions — or even stages of a decision — might be better made by certain PSPs, a truly successful decision benefits from combining different thinking processes. By breaking away from your standard approach and learning about the other PSPs, you can better check and challenge your biases and bring out a more holistic understanding of a situation, better ensuring that you are solving the whole problem.

More dynamic decision-making begins with knowing more about yourself, so you can sidestep potential bias and gain new perspectives about a problem. While it’s not always easy to think outside your own box, remember that you’re building both strength and flexibility in the decision-making muscles you need to make your big decisions better.

Article by: Cheryl Strauss Einhorn at hbr.org